Most people experience episodes of low back pain that are usually brief, resolve spontaneously, and recur infrequently. The successful management of persistent low back pain requires that the treatment be directed to the pain－producing structures in the human body. The treatment of low back pain ranges from very simple and straight forward managements to very complex and intricate ones. Treatments for lumbar disc herniations can be conservative (75~90% of patients), invasive (5~10% of patients), or surgical (5% of patients). Resolution of the first lumbar disc herniation takes place in approximately 75% of patients over a period of 3 months. With recurrent herniations, the chance of spontaneous relief of symptoms decreases. In a very acute stage, the patients may require hospitalization to control the level of pain. Bed rest should be limited for 2 days with the most comfortable position of the knee and the hip flexion at about 80~90 degrees. A few days of bed rest, adequate analgesics, and muscle relaxants to reduce muscle spasm are usually required. Physical therapeutic modalities (including traction, heat, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation), mobilization, manipulation, back school, spinal supports, therapeutic exercise and proper position should be used and educated. If the low back pain is not controlled after these treatments, invasive procedures such as trigger
point injection, facet or sacroiliac joint injection, epidural steroid injection, selective nerve root injection with high frequency heat therapy, or intradiscal injection may be implemented to alleviate the symptoms rapidly. Every patient should attend a class for spine education as part of the comprehensive management. Instructions should be given for low back care, especially as related to the activities of daily living. Participants will learn correct postures, pelvic tilting, knee－to－chest exercise, and exercises to
strengthen abdominal and paraspinal muscles. Individual instructions are given to each patient, detailing the nature of the patient´s particular problem and how he or she can make the best of the treatment.
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